The homology concept — still alive

Abstract

SummaryA typical definition of homology which allows phylogenetic inferences is “homologous features in two or more organisms are those that stem phylogenetically from the same feature in the immediate common ancestor of those organisms”.Similarity of all kind is a proper (and possibly the only) valid empirical test of homology. “Similarity” should, therefore, not be part of the definition. Shared embryological fate is just one kind of similarity which is a strong, but by no means the only, indication of homology.“Homology” and “synapomorhy” are separate concepts. They are empirically tested by different methods (similarity versus outgroup comparison). “Synapomorphy” does refer to monophyly of a certain taxon, while “homology” does not.Within a phylogenetic approach, homologizing parts of the same individual or of individuals of the same species makes no sense. Thus, “serial homology” (homonomy) is of no help in phylogenetic systematics.“Homology” can and may be defined in different ways. However, it is crucial that (1) the possible conclusions to be drawn from a statement on homology are limited by the definition, and (2) the diagnosis of homology — the empirical test — is kept strictly independent from the definition of homology.

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