The fiqh of medicine : responses in Islamic jurisprudence to developments in medical science

Abstract

Foreword -- Glossary & abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Ch. 1. Introduction -- 1. Premise -- 2. Purpose and justification -- 3. Methodological considerations -- 4. Structure of the thesis -- Notes -- Ch. 2. Islamic fiqh -- 1. Development and sources of Islamic jurisprudence -- 1.1. Material sources -- i. The Qur an -- ii. Abrogation in the Qur an -- iii. The Sunnah -- iv. Ijma -- v. Qiyas -- 1.2. Formal sources -- i. Istihasn -- ii. Istishab -- iii. 'Urf -- iv. Maslahah or istislah -- v. Adh-Dhara i -- 2. Contribution of the fuqaha -- 2.1. Ijtihad in action -- 2.3 Fatawa (fatwa: sing.) -- 3. Schools of thought in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and their leaders -- 3.1 Sunni schools -- 3.2. Kharijite and Shi ite schools 136 -- 4. In search of common ground for the laws -- Notes -- Ch. 3. Responsibility and liability in Islam -- 1. Responsibility and liability in Islam -- 1.1. Responsibility in Islam -- 1.2. Rescue in Islamic law -- 1.3. Liability in Islam -- a. Strict liability -- b. Vicarious liability -- (i) Diya -- 'Aqila 81 -- (ii) Qasama -- (iii) Ahl ad-diwan -- c. The limit or cap of liability -- 2. The Islamic viewpoint on matters arising within medical practice -- 2.1. Should people, in a Muslim context, preserve their health? -- 2.2 Should people, in a Muslim context, seek treatment? -- 2.3. Is there a necessity for the existence of the medical profession, according to Islam? -- 2.4. Should the medical practitioner be well prepared for his job and execute it properly? -- 5. Are there any limits to the methods employed in treatment? -- Summary of the views of al-Imam al-Ghazali on medical treatment 175 -- 2.6. Are there any legal remedies for an injury caused to the patient during the course of the treatment received? -- Notes -- Ch. 4. The rights and responsibilities of patients and those who treat them -- 1. An overview -- 2. Litigation in the medical field and medical negligence -- Mistake, error, misadventure, and negligence -- 3. The medical practitioner and negligence -- 3.1. First: the basis of liability -- 3.2. Second: standard of care -- (1) The standard of care -- (2) Differences in opinions and novel procedures -- (3) The numbers involved to make a defence to a negligence allegation -- (4) Levels of skill: is a special standard of care required? -- 3.3 Third: medical negligence and its redress -- (1) The competent unauthorized medical practitioner -- (2) The incompetent practitioner -- (3) Disciplinary measures and reimbursement -- Notes -- Ch. 5. Muslim fuqaha s classification of liability of medical practitioners -- 1. Prologue -- 2. The competent practitioner who performs his duty according to the accepted methods of the profession and is authorised -- 2.1. Liability -- (a) The Hanafi school -- (b) The Maliki school -- (c) Shafi i school -- (d) Hanbali school -- 2.2. Unforeseeable reactions (Siraya) -- Hanafi school -- Maliki school -- Shafi i school -- Hanbali school -- 2.3. Concluding remarks -- 3. The authorized and competent practitioner who errs -- 3.1. Error -- (a) The Hanafi school -- (b) The Maliki school -- (c) Shafi i school -- (d) The Hanbali school -- 3.2. Non-Muslims -- 3.3. Compensation (diya) -- The value of diya -- 4. The medical practitioner and criminal negligence -- 4.1. Hadd -- 4.2. Ta zir -- 4.3. Qisas -- 4.4. Criminal negligence -- 5. Summary -- Notes -- Ch. 6. Euthanasia -- 1. Introduction and definition -- 2. Types of euthanasia -- (1) Active euthanasia -- (2) Passive euthanasia -- (3) Triad of terms: voluntary, involuntary, and nonvoluntary euthanasia -- 3. Involuntary euthanasia -- (a) Relation to homicide -- (b) Definition of homicide -- (c) Western view of involuntary euthanasia -- (d) Islamic view of involuntary euthanasia -- a. The Hanafi school -- b. The Maliki school -- c. The Shafi i school -- d. The Hanbali school -- 4. Nonvoluntary euthanasia -- 4.1. Brain-stem dead -- 4.2. Patients in the permanent vegetative state (PVS) -- 4.3. Coma -- 4.4. Should persons in the permanent vegetative state and other mentally incompetents be fed? -- (a) Western views -- (b) Islamic views -- (i) Infanticide -- (ii) Killing of minors and those under care -- (iii) Killing, or terminating the life, of the unconscious -- 5. Voluntary euthanasia -- 5.1. Western views -- The Netherlands -- Suicide and assisted suicide at common law -- Assisted suicide and Jack Kervorkian s (Kervorkian) suicide machine -- The hospice system of care for the terminally ill -- 5.2. Islamic views -- (a) The Hanafi school -- (b) The Maliki school -- (c) The Shafi i school -- (d) The Hanbali school -- 6. Conclusions -- Notes -- Ch. 7. The prevention and termination of pregnancy -- 1. Introduction -- In the Hanafi school -- The Maliki school defined it as -- The Shafi i school defined the transgression as -- The Hanbali school define it as -- 2. Children within marriage -- 2.1. Is it allowed to have fewer children in the family -- 2.2. Is it allowed to have smaller families by preventing pregnancy? -- (i) 'Azl -- Hanafi school -- Maliki school -- Shafi i school -- Hanbali school -- Shi ite Zaydi school -- Twelvers (Imamia) Shi ite school, and the Ja afari -- Isma aili Shi ite school -- Ibadia (Kharijite) school -- Zahiri school, of Dawud adh-Dhahiri (d. 883 CE) -- (ii) Blocking the neck of the womb, as a method of contraception -- (iii) Other means -- 3. Can pregnancies be terminated lawfully, in accordance with Islamic fiqh? -- 3.1. The views of Muslim fuqaha regarding permissibility of induced abortion -- (a) The Hanafi school -- (b) The Maliki school -- (c) The Shafi i school -- (d) The Hanbali school -- 3.2. Some special issues on terminations -- (i) Pregnancy and the mother in health, sickness, and in rape cases -- (ii) The embryo (foetus) and abortion -- (iii) The husband s options, consent, and permission -- 4. Treatment of abortion in the UK -- 5. Comparison of Islamic law and UK law on abortion -- 5.1. The welfare of other siblings as a reason to procure an abortion -- 5.2. A time limit was set before which abortion could be performed -- 5.3. The welfare of the mother -- 5.4 Sever, Deformation of the foetus -- 5.5. Is the husband s consent or permission necessary? -- 6. The consequences of termination of pregnancy in Islamic fiqh -- 6.1. Termination of pregnancy with the consent of the woman in question -- 6.2. Termination of pregnancy at the hands of a tortfeasor -- (i) Miscarriage of a dead foetus -- (ii) Miscarriage of a living foetus, that dies -- (iii) Death of the mother due to assault, followed by expulsion of dead foetus -- (iv) What if a pregnant woman is killed and nothing is expelled -- (v) General considerations -- 7. Legislation induced abortion, in the light of Islamic fiqh and common law -- Notes -- Ch. 8. Reproduction and cloning -- 1. Reproduction -- 1.1. Infertility -- (i) Primary infertility -- (ii) Secondary infertility -- 2. How does Islamic fiqh impinge on reproduction? -- 3. What happens to surplus embryos in modern infertility techniques? -- 4. Can a widow use stored fetilised ova of her late husband? -- 5. Surrogate wives and polygamy -- 6. Cloning -- 6.1. Cloning and the laws -- (i) Preamble -- (ii) The existing laws and the expected changes -- 6.2. Implications for human cloning -- 6.3. Islamic fiqh and the new challenges -- Notes -- Ch. 9. Transplantation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The modern history of transplantation -- 3. Evidence of permissibility of transplants in Islamic fiqh -- (1) Foetal tissue transplants and genetically engineered organs -- 3.1. Transplants from animals, dead and living -- (i) Transplants from dead animals -- (ii) Transplants from living animals -- 3.2. Transplants from humans -- (i) Transplantation from a living donor -- (ii) Cadaver donations, and parts from dead persons -- Is it allowed to transplant one testicle from a donor? -- (iii) Transplantation from the brain dead -- (iv) Anencephalic infants as organ donors -- 3.3. Foetal tissue transplants and genetically engineered organ donation -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- Ch. 10. Conclusion -- Notes -- Appendices -- Appendix A.1. The Hippocratic Oath -- Appendix A.2. International Code of Medical Ethics -- International Code of Medical Ethics -- Duties of doctors in general -- Duties of doctors to the sick -- Duties of doctors to each other -- Appendix A.3. Declaration of Geneva, a modern restatement of the Hippocratic Oath 1947 -- Appendix A.4. Islamic Code of Medical Ethics -- Doctors oath -- Appendix B: The Declaration of Helsinki, human experimentation -- Introduction -- I. Basic principles -- II. Medical research combined with professional care (clinical research) -- III. Non-therapeutic biomedical research involving human subjects (non-clinical biomedical research) -- Appendix C: Declaration of Oslo 1970 -- Appendix D: Declaration of Tokyo, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment -- Preamble -- Declaration -- Appendix E: (a) Opinion of the group of advisors on the ethical implications of biotechnology to the European Commission 28 May 1997 -- Ethical aspects of cloning techniques -- 1. Whereas -- Concerning human implications -- Concerning human implications -- Notes -- Appendix F: European Parliament 1997-1998. Minutes of the sitting of Wednesday 12 March 1997 -- 9. Cloning animals and human beings -- Notes -- Appendix G: Hukm al-maskuti anhu (Rules when Shari ah is silent about a matter) -- The first viewpoint -- A. The Qur an -- B. The Prophetic Sunnah -- C. Reasoning (al- aql) -- The second viewpoint -- (1) The Qur an (Q. 16:116) -- (2) The Sunnah -- (3) Reasoning (al- aql) -- The third viewpoint is that of those who do not know -- Notes -- Appendix H: Some resolutions of Al-Majami al-Fiq

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