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IN 1999 AND 2000, the implementation of Shari’ah criminal codes in twelve states of northern Nigeria brought heated public debate and violent conflicts over the legal bounds of civility and criminality, with armed youths the new agents of “policing”. The influx of Nigerian youths into city centers, political economic decentralization, and the primacy of the free market have stimulated parallel economies that support, and receive protection from, political, economic and religious rivals. Ethn...
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