Alcohol outlet density and violence: A geographically weighted regression approach

Michael P. Cameron · William Cochrane · Craig P. Gordon · Michael Livingston

52 citations0/0 files storedDrug and Alcohol Review

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Night-time city culture Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes Crime Patterns and Interventions

Abstract

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: We investigate the relationship between outlet density (of different types) and violence (as measured by police activity) across the North Island of New Zealand, specifically looking at whether the relationships vary spatially. DESIGN AND METHODS: We use New Zealand data at the census area unit (approximately suburb) level, on police-attended violent incidents and outlet density (by type of outlet), controlling for population density and local social deprivation. We employed geographically weighted regression to obtain both global average and locally specific estimates of the relationships between alcohol outlet density and violence. RESULT: We find that bar and night club density, and licensed club density (e.g. sports clubs) have statistically significant and positive relationships with violence, with an additional bar or night club is associated with nearly 5.3 additional violent events per year, and an additional licensed club associated with 0.8 additional violent events per year. These relationships do not show significant spatial variation. In contrast, the effects of off-licence density and restaurant/café density do exhibit significant spatial variation. However, the non-varying effects of bar and night club density are larger than the locally specific effects of other outlet types. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The relationships between outlet density and violence vary significantly across space for off-licences and restaurants/cafés. These results suggest that in order to minimise alcohol-related harms, such as violence, locally specific policy interventions are likely to be necessary. [Cameron MP, Cochrane W, Gordon C, Livingston M. Alcohol outlet density and violence: A geographically weighted regression approach. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:280-288].

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References

1988Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models 2002Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships 1996Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity 1996Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime 1990Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Sciences 2017Routine Activity and Rational Choice 2010A longitudinal analysis of alcohol outlet density and domestic violence 2002NZDep2001 Index of Deprivation User's Manual

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