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This chapter explores the role of the state in the governance of sustainable development by comparing subnational practices in European countries. More specifically, it assesses the scope of state involvement—that is, the extent that the state is an influential (or even essential) actor in the sustainable development policy areas on regional and local scales—and the function of the state in sustainable development policymaking (the repertoire of functions, responsibilities, and tasks carried out by the state in sustainable development policymaking). The discussion is structured around four key themes, which are identified by the governance literature as central aspects of the transformation of public policymaking: multi-level governance, networks and public-private partnerships, participation, and market-based instruments. The goal of this chapter is to identify cross-national patterns of environmental governance and processes of policymaking, particularly at the regional and local levels.
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