2 known locations can be tried.
2 known locations can be tried.
Ab stractThis ar ti cle re ports on on go ing ar chae o log i cal re search in the Kurnool Dis trict of south ern In dia.The re gion is well-known for its rich cul tural her i tage, with pre vi ous in ves ti ga tors iden ti fy ing "Up per Paleolithic" and "Mesolithic" indus tries in caves, and Neo lithic set tle ments on val ley floors.Re cent field work in the re gion has ex panded upon these earlier in ves ti ga tions, re sult ing in the iden ti fi ca tion of a wider range of ar chae o log i cal sites (Acheulean through to Early Historic pe ri ods) in a va ri ety of depositional con texts (i.e., caves, rockshelters, open-air set tings).Sur vey in the Jurreru River Val ley re vealed the pres ence of a vol ca nic tephra de posit, rep re sent ing the Young Toba Tuff (YTT) of 74,000 years ago.Mid dle Paleolithic in dus tries have been lo cated in strati graphic con texts above and be low the tephra, thereby pro vid ing a unique op por tu nity to ex am ine stone tool tech nol ogy and hu man re sponses to this vol ca nic super-erup tion.Al though distinct "Up per Paleolithic" blade tool in dus tries have yet to be re af firmed through our cave in ves ti ga tions, strati graphic obser va tions in di cate that Late Pleis to cene stone tool as sem blages (flake, blade, bladelet) and fau nas are in deed pres ent.Survey re sults in di cate that many hun dreds of un re corded rockshelters are pres ent in the Kurnool Dis trict, a sig nif i cant propor tion bear ing rock art and sur face microlithic in dus tries.Rockshelter test ex ca va tions have in di cated bur ied as semblages, with one rockshelter con tain ing dated microlithic as sem blages at least 34,000 cal i brated ra dio car bon years old.The val ley floors con tain Neo lithic, Iron Age and Early His toric pe riod set tle ments as well as Mega lithic burial struc tures.Con tem po ra ne ous mid-to late-Ho lo cene cave and rockshelter set tle ments are in ferred here as rep re sent ing the ac tiv i ties of for ag ing pop u la tions.The ex traor di nary wealth of ar chae o log i cal re sources in the Kurnool Dis trict in di cates that the region can con trib ute sub stan tive in for ma tion about long-and short-term changes in hu man ad ap ta tions and so cial complex ity.Map No. Lo cal ity GPS/Elev.(m)Notes Jwalapuram 24 N15°19.847'E78°07.711'Elev.255 Mega lith, mul ti ple col lapsed cists in a cairn, con sist ing of quartz ite cob bles and boul ders.Cists made of lime stone slabs Jwalapuram 25 N15°19.873';E78°07.705';Elev.257 De stroyed mega lithic struc tures due to mod ern soil quarry ing, pot sherds Jwalapurum Tank N15°18.637';E78°08.231';Elev.259 Large cut ting tools (Acheulean) ce mented in cal car e ous de posit.Lithics along hillslopes and in ag ri cul tural fields Jwalapuram Tank East N15°18.644';E78°08.327';Elev.410 A few large cut ting tools in ag ri cul tural field Katavani Kunta 1 N15°21.639';E78°07.609';Elev.435 Rockshelter with mod er ate scat ter of micro liths, abun dant rockart Katavani Kunta 2 N15°21.642';E78°07.600';Elev.435 Rockshelter, no rockart Katavani Kunta 3 N15°21.655';E78°07.595';Elev.435 Rockshelter, rockart with elab o rate panel Katavani Kunta 4 N15°21.763';E78°07.478';Elev.472 Rockshelter, pot sherds, rockart in cludes pot de pic tions Katavani Kunta 5 N15°21.770';E78°07.429';Elev.456 Rockshelter, rockart (one de pic tion) Katavani Kunta 6 N15°21.818';E78°07.176;Elev.453 Rockshelter, rockart Katavani Kunta 7 N15°21.798';E78°07.184';Elev.474 Rockshelter, rockart, mod ern Hindu shrine Katavani Kunta 8 N15°1.796';E78°07.493';Elev.470 Rockshelter, some micro liths on sur face, rockart Katavanii Kunta 9 N15°21.659';E78°07.775';Elev.444 Rockshelter, rock art Katavani Kunta 10 N15°21.636';E78°07.803';Elev.445 Rockshelter, rockart Katavani Kunta 11 N15°21.474';E78°07.834';Elev.515 Rockshelter, rockart Katavani Kunta 12 N15°21.866';E78°07.262';Elev.464 Rockshelter, rockart Katavani Kunta 13 N15°21.743';E78°07.706';Elev.444 Rockshelter, rockart Katavani Kunta 14 N15°21.749';E78°07.709;Elev.444 Boul der with Hindu lin ga en grav ing Katavani Kunta 15 N15°21.530';E78°07.876';Elev.464 Rockshelter, rockart (rem nant) Katavani Kunta 16 N15o 21.534' E78°07.909';Elev.468 Rockshelter, rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 1 N15°21.094';E78°08.158;Elev.393 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart, hun dreds of Vishnu mo tifs, shrine with en graved feet slab Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 2 N15°21.094';E78°08.158';Elev.393 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 3 N15°21.272';E78°07.999';Elev.403 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 4 N15°21.282';E78°07.971';Elev.401 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 5 N15°21.306';E78°07.941';Elev.422 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 6 N15°21.322';E78°07.933';Elev.422 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 7 N15°21.596';E78°07.663';Elev.424 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 8 N15°21.784';E78°07.500';Elev.452 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 9 N15°21.893';E78°07.389';Elev.439 Quartz ite bed rock with en grav ing of Nandi's (sa cred ox) head 124 M. Petraglia et al.Ta ble 1 con tin ued Map No. Lo cal ity GPS/Elev.(m)Notes 53 Katavani Kunta, Pil grim 10 N15°21.312';E78°07.923';Elev.400 Rockshelter, re li gious rockart 54 Kolamagalu Rockshelter N15°32.301';E78°19.255';Elev.258 Rockshelter, micro liths, rockart 55 Kottala Polmera Gavi N15°25.605';E78°12.063';Elev.440 Ex ca vated cave; Reddy 1976 re ported stone tools, worked bone tools.Cave is a joint in lime stone, very re stricted in width, small ter race in front of cave 56 Mogasarayanigondi I N15°19.934';E78°08.464';Elev.262 Mega lithic dol mens along lime stone hillcrest.Dol mens suf fer ing loot ing.Spoil piles con tain Iron Age pot tery, skel e tal re mains, burial goods 57 Muchchatla Chintamanu Gavi I N15°24.879';E78°07.235';Elev.398 Ex ca vated cave; Murty 1979 re ported stone tools, worked bone tools.Re-ex am ined in 2003 58 Muchchatla Chintamanu Gavi II N15°24.616';E78°06.698';Elev.389 Cave with mul ti ple pas sages.Near MCG I, re ported as a Mesolithic site by Murty 59 Muchatla Chintamanu Gavi IV N15°24.578';E78°07.369';Elev.470 Rockshelter, rockart on lime stone 60 Pathapadu 1 N15°19.812';E78°09.996';Elev.239 Clas sic Neo lithic hab i ta tion with Pathapadu ce ram ics (Foote 1916; Allchin 1962; Sarma 1968).Pot sherds in plowed fields, no subsurface de pos its, site ap par ently destroyed 61 Sanyasula Gavi, Cave 1 N15°28.026';E78°12.608';Elev.339 Cave with re cent hab i ta tion; ar chae o log i cal de pos its 62 Sanyasula Gavi, Cave 2 N15°28.025';E78°12.621';Elev.339 Cave with re cent hab i ta tion; ar chae o log i cal de pos its, distinct micromammal bone bed, ash bed 63 Yaganti 1 N15°1.197';E78°08.494';Elev.366 Rockshelter, pot sherds (in clud ing Patpad Ware), rockart 64 Yaganti 2 N15°21.207';E78°08.407';Elev.438 Rockshelter and cave, wall con structed in front, rockart 65 Yaganti 3 N15°21.219';E78°08.364';Elev.517 Rockshelter, lime stone slab mega lith cist burial, rockart 66 Yaganti 4 N15°21.176';E78°08.385';Elev.366 Rockshelter, re li gious Hindu shrine with snake sculp tures, rockart 67 Yaganti 5 N15°20.915';E78°08.394';Elev.320 Rockshelter, rockart 68 Yaganti 9 N15°21.464';E78°07.762';Elev.426 Quartz ite boul der with Hindu lin ga en grav ing
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