Co-occurrence patterns among collocations: a tool for corpus-based lexical knowledge acquisition

Abstract

Introduction One of the main problems for applied natural language processing is gaps in the lexicon, including missing words and word senses, and inadequate descriptions of word use in context. Traditional lexicography has similar concerns. The availability of large, on-line text corpora provides a straightforward tool for enlarging the stock of words included in a lexicon. The identification of additional word senses and uses is more problematic, however. Much recent lexicographic work employs concordances generated from text corpora for these purposes. While this approach provides a more solid empirical basis than traditional lexicographic approaches (which depend on the manual collection and sorting of citation index cards), concordances can actually provide too much data. For example, a concordance for the word certain produced on an 11.6 million-word subsample of the Longman/Lancaster Corpus generated 3,424 entries; a concordance for the word right from the same subcorpus gener

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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 96 citations exist upstream.

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.