Transcranial Doppler Sonography in Studies of Mental Effort

Abstract

The history of experimental psychology—likely the history of every branch of science—is intimately and symbiotically connected with innovations in technologies and techniques for measurement. Although psychology’s birth as a discipline was more about an idea (namely that mind and behavior can be studied objectively and empirically, for instance by observing how physical changes correspond to changes in experience and behavior) than about an apparatus, early advances in psychology as a science were facilitated, and in many cases catalyzed, by clever instrumentation. Often these innovations were simply novel applicants of existing technology to new scientific problems. For example, Wundt studied differences in reaction time to visual versus auditory information using a “pendulum apparatus for ‘Complication’ studies” (pictured in the online Museum of the History of Psychological Instrumentation at Monclair State University; http://chss.montclair.edu/ psychology/museum/x_073.htm). This important apparatus was basically a modified metronome. The first tachistoscope for brief presentations of visual stimuli was an apparatus that resembled a guillotine (Turtle, 1997). Mueller’s memory drum, which served for decades as the standard apparatus for studying memory for lists of items, was developed from a Ludwig-Baltzar kymograph, originally designed for the recording of blood pressure (Haupt, 2001). These and thousands of other devices found new useful life as research instruments in the study of behavior, and the scientific literature grew rapidly with findings reflecting each apparatus innovation.

Cite this work

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 6 citations exist upstream.

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.