Short Review: The Use of Conventional X‐rays in Mummy Studies

Niels Lynnerup · Frank Jakobus Rühli

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Paleopathology and ancient diseases Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis

Abstract

X-raying is arguably the most well-known, non-invasive technique for visualising the internal structures of ancient mummies and bog bodies. There are several factors such as the easy availability, the relative cheapness as well as the high spatial resolution, which speaks for this diagnostic modality in ancient mummy research. The aim of this short review is to address the advantages and pitfalls of this particular technique for such unique samples. We recommend that when results of X-ray examination of mummies are presented, the specific recording data should be listed, and any given finds, for example, of Paleopathology, should be cross-checked against other sources, for example, CT-scanning, direct inspection (also by endoscopy), and so forth.

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References

1968Diseases in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations.1980An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies 2003Radiologic Evaluation of the Llullaillaco Mummies 1981The Manchester Museum Mummy Project 2007Radiologic proof for the Iceman's cause of death (ca. 5’300 BP)1981An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies 2012Human Mummies: A Global Survey of their Status and the Techniques of Conservation 1987Arctic paleoradiology: portable radiographic examination of two frozen sailors from the Franklin expedition (1845-1848)

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2019The Role of Imaging in Paleopathology 2015The Anatomy of the Mummy: Mortui Viventes Docent—When Ancient Mummies Speak to Modern Doctors 2016Paleopathology in the Piraino mummies as illustrated by X-rays 2015Mummified remains from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia – Reviewing peculiarities and limitations of human and non-human radiological identification and analysis in mummified remains

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