Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge

Abstract

List of tables and boxes -- Preface -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Pt. 1. Knowledge, property and trade -- 1. Sovereignty, common heritage and property rights -- Permanent sovereignty -- Common heritage -- Intellectual property rights -- 2. Biotechnology and the expanding boundaries of intellectual property protection -- Biotechnology and the life science industries -- The commercial importance of biogenetic resources and traditional knowledge -- Intellectual property in the life sciences -- 3. The International law of biogenetic resources and intellectual property -- The TRIPS Agreement -- The UPOV Convention -- The Convention on Biological Diversity -- The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture -- Pt. 2. Conflicts and controversies -- 4. National sovereignty, benefit sharing and the patenting of life -- Fair and equitable -- Patenting natural products -- Patent quality problems -- 5. Biopiracy -- The hoodia case -- The neem patents -- The quinoa case -- The enola bean case -- 'Biopiracy' through plant variety protection -- Rights and wrongs -- 6. Environmental impacts -- Intellectual property rights and monocultures -- Plant variety protection and genetic uniformity -- Intellectual property rights and crop-agrochemical linkages -- 7. Agriculture, food security and nutrition -- Plant variety protection and research priorities -- Plant variety protection and the interests of poor farmers -- Intellectual property rights and the availability of genetic resources for breeding -- Empirical evidence -- Alternatives to UPOV -- 8. Beyond intellectual property: technology protection systems -- High stakes -- Pros and cons -- Terminator and the patent system -- 9. Life science innovation, biotechnology transfer and developing countries -- The importance of life science innovation in trade and development -- Technology transfer -- Pt. 3. Protecting traditional knowledge -- 10. Traditional knowledge and the intellectual property system -- The nature of traditional knowledge -- Why protect traditional knowledge? -- Can intellectual property rights protect traditional knowledge? -- 11. Alternative approaches to traditional knowledge protection -- Defensive protection -- Positive protection -- Strategic considerations -- Pt. 4. Forums, processes and initiatives -- 12. International forums and processes -- The World Trade Organization -- The World Intellectual Property Organization -- The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity -- 13. Government and regional initiatives -- Philippines Executive Order 247 and its implementing rules and regulations -- Andean Community Common Regime on Access to Genetic Resources -- The Costa Rica Biodiversity Law -- The African Model Legislation for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources -- Analysis -- Pt. 5. National case studies -- 14. India -- Introduction -- Biodiversity: conservation, trade and development -- India's bio-scientific and technological capacities: an assessment -- Implementing TRIPS: current progress -- TRIPS and the national bio-industries: threat or opportunity? -- Conclusions -- 15. Kenya -- Introduction -- Biodiversity: conservation, trade and development -- Kenya's scientific and technological capacities: an assessment -- Implementing TRIPS: current progress -- TRIPS, UPOV and the national bio-industries: threat or opportunity? -- Conclusions -- 16. Lessons from the case studies -- Introduction -- Plant variety protection -- Patents and agro-biotechnology -- Patents and the health sector -- Intellectual property rights and traditional knowledge -- Intellectual property rights, value addition and conservation -- Notes -- References -- Index

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