How to Show Languages are Related: Methods for Distant Genetic Relationship

Lyle Richard Campbell

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Linguistics and language evolution Linguistics and Language Studies Language and cultural evolution

Abstract

This chapter contains sections titled: Lexical Comparison Sound Correspondences Grammatical Evidence Borrowing Semantic Constraints Onomatopoeia Sound Symbolism Nursery Forms Short Forms and Unmatched Segments Chance Similarities Sound-Meaning Isomorphism No Non-Linguistic Evidence Erroneous Morphological Analysis Non-Cognates A Single Etymon as Evidence for Multiple Cognates Conclusion Notes

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References

1908Linguistique historique et linguistique générale 1995On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy.1971Diminutive consonant symbolism in western North America 1957Essays in Linguistics 1951Diffusional Cumulation and Archaic Residue as Historical Explanations 1992On Calculating the Factor of Chance in Language Comparison 1964Mayan Affinities with Chipaya of Bolivia I: Correspondences 1958Algonkian-Ritwan: The End of a Controversy

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2008Genetics, Historical Linguistics and Language Variation 2012The Semantics of Colour: A Historical Approach 2016Once again on methodology and argumentation in linguistics

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