SLEEP DISTURBANCE MEDIATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED RACISM AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Patrick R. Steffen

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Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Sleep and related disorders Migration, Health and Trauma

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of racism on sleep disturbance and depression and to examine whether sleep disturbance mediates the effects of racism on depression. DESIGN: Cross-sectional questionnaire study. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: 168 Hispanic-American immigrants, 45% female, average age 33 years, average length of time living in the United States was 5 years. MEASURES: The Perceived Racism Scale for Latinos, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale. RESULTS: Using hierarchical linear regression analyses, perceived racism was related to increased sleep disturbance (b=.21, P<.01) and higher levels of depressive symptoms (b=.24, P<.01). When sleep disturbance was included in the regression equation, perceived racism was no longer a significant predictor of depressive symptoms (b=.10, nonsignificant), indicating that sleep disturbance mediated the relationship between perceived racism and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the research literature by identifying sleep disturbance as a potential pathway through which perceived racism may affect health.

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References

2013Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1977The CES-D Scale 1989The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research 1997Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health 1999Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.2003Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies 1999The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States 1999Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination

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2008Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research 2015Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2016Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association 2013Microaggressions Within Families: Experiences of Multiracial People 2013Discrimination and Sleep

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