Part 1 Prescription and standardization: language prescription and its consequences lingusitics and prescription attitudes to language languages standardization. Part 2 Standard English and the complaint tradition: the history of standard English the function of language complaints in maintaining the standard correctness and semantic shift George Orwell and the moralistic tradition standardization and the teaching of literacy conclusions. Part 3 Spoken and written norms: language change and language maintenance spoken English and the effects of literacy the spoken and written channels conclusions. Part 4 Grammar and speech: prescription and spoken language prescription and contextual variability in speech the grammar of non-standard English conclusion. Part 5 Linguistic prescription and the speech community: the social distribution of linguistic variants some common prescriptions - a critique a wider perspective on prescriptivism group identity and language variation conclusion. Part 6 Linguistic repertoires and communicative competence: communicative competence types of linguistic repertoire some practical considerations observing and analyzing linguistic repertoires conclusion. Part 7 Planned and speech events: spoken and written language planned and unplanned discourse the discourse of structure of interviews applying sociolinguistic principles to test situations - an example some wider implications conclusion. Part 8 Some practical implications of prescriptivism - the linguistic adequacy of language assessment procedures: linguistic critiques of language tests - the question of linguistic realism linguistic critiques of language tests - the question of cultural linguistic bias concluding remarks coda.
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