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In this chapter, an overview is provided of a number of methods of analysis that are suitable for the characterization of historical glass fragments and related cultural heritage materials and that make use of X–rays as primary means of excitation. This chapter is essentially composed of two parts: in the first part, the basic principles and use of conventional X–ray methods, mainly X–ray fluorescence (XRF) and X–ray diffraction (XRD) for quantitative (phase) analysis are described, as well as the corresponding instrumentation. In the second part, use of synchrotron radiation for more advanced characterization of glass and glassy materials is discussed.
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