Abstract This chapter begins with a critical survey of past classifications of adverbials and secondary predicates. It argues that significant overlaps exist between participant-oriented manner adverbials, depictive secondary predicates, and the so-called weak free adjuncts. Thus, from a cross-linguistic viewpoint, it is essential to use an overarching category, participant-oriented adjunct, which subsumes all of these construction types. Having created this category, the introduction then presents the range of semantic expressions which may cross-linguistically illustrate formal correlates of participant-orientation, and the morphosyntactic features usually related with participant-orientated adjuncts.
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