Empirical Analysis of Retail Competition: Spatial Differentiation at Wal-Mart, Amazon.com, and Their Competitors

Abstract

Preliminary draft. Please do not quote. Comments are welcome. This paper quantifies the degree of competition and spatial differentiation across different retail channels by exploiting a unique dataset that describes a consumer’s choice of store, product of purchase, item price, and demographics. For each household, I collect information on the location and distance of nearby stores. Then I estimate a consumer’s choice of retailer in the sales market for DVDs among online, mass merchant, electronics, video specialty, and music stores. Using a discrete choice model, I allow for unobserved heterogeneity in preferences for store types and disutility of travel. A consumer’s traveling cost varies by income, and substitution occurs proportionately more among stores of the same type. Conditional on price and distance, the average consumer still prefers Wal-Mart over most other stores. In addition, consumers ’ shopping patterns across store types vary significantly by gender, education, and the presence of children. * I would like to thank Glenn Ellison, Nancy Rose, Paul Joskow, and Sara Fisher Ellison for advice and helpful suggestions. This paper has benefited from conversations with Emek Basker, Melissa Boyle, Norma Coe, Jerry

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