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25% of all employed US mothers of newborns are on either paid or unpaid leave. The proportion of new mothers which is employed but not at work shrinks rapidly as the child ages so that virtually all mothers return to actual work in the formal labor force within four months of giving birth. Beginning in 1986 twelve states have passed maternity leave statutes guaranteeing recent mothers the right to return to a job held in pregnancy after an unpaid leave. One of US President Clintons first official acts upon assuming office was to sign into law the federal Family Leave Act providing for unpaid maternity leaves. The authors develop an economic model to accommodate their theory that both employment and leave will increase with the passage of maternity leave legislation but the direction of the legislations effect upon work is ambiguous. Their theory is tested with data from the 1980 and 1990 censuses. Study results are sensitive to the controls for state and year effects and the controls for the characteristics of sampled women. The estimates provide some evidence that maternity leave statutes increased leave but had insignificant positive effects upon employment and work.
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