Urban North-Eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside

Joan C. Beal · Lourdes Burbano Elizondo · Carmen Caravaca Llamas

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Linguistic Variation and Morphology Phonetics and Phonology Research Linguistics and language evolution

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List of figures and tables Acknowledgements Map of locations referred to in this book 1. History, Geography, Demography and Culture 1.I. Introduction 1.II Geography 1.II.i. The North-East 1.II.ii Newcastle and Tyneside 1.II.iii. Sunderland and Wearside 1.II.iv. Middlesbrough and Teesside 1.III. History 1.III.i. The North-East 1.III.ii. Newcastle and Tyneside 1.III.iii. Sunderland and Wearside 1.III.iv. Middlesbrough and Teesside 1.IV. Culture 1.IV.i. The North-East as a culturally salient region 1.IV.ii. Newcastle: a regional capital? 1.IV.iii. Local Rivalries Notes 2. Phonetics and Phonology 2.I. Introduction 2.II. Delimiting the region 2.III. Variation within the region 2.III.i. Perceptions of Variation 2. III.ii. Sources 2.IV. Vowels 2.IV.i. Introduction 2.IV.ii. FACE 2.IV.iii. GOAT 2.IV.iv. NURSE 2.IV.v. GOOSE 2.IV.vi. FLEECE 2.IV.vii. PRICE 2.IV.viii. MOUTH 2.IV.ix. THOUGHT 2.IV.x. TRAP, BATH, START 2.IV.xi. unstressed vowels 2.V. Consonants 2.V.i. Introduction 2.V.ii. /p t k/ 2.V.iii. /r/p 2.V.iv. /h/ 2.V.v. /l/ 2.VI. Suprasegmentals 2.VII. Current changes 2.VII.i. Introduction 2.VII.ii. FACE and GOAT 2.VII.iii. /p/, /t/ and /k/ 2.VII.iv. TH-fronting 2.VII. v /r/ 2.VIII. Conclusion Notes 3. Morphosyntax 3.I. Introduction 3.II. Pronouns 3.II.i. Personal Pronouns 3.II.ii. Relative Pronouns 3.III Definite and Indefinite Articles 3.III.i. The Definite Article 3.III.ii. The Indefinite Article 3.IV. The Northern Subject Rule 3.V. Negation 3.V.i. Punctual Never 3.V.ii. Negative Concord 3.V.iii Auxiliary Contraction 3.V.iv. Uncontracted Negatives 3.V.v. Interrogative Tags 3.V.vi. Local forms of negated do 3.VI. Modal Verbs 3.VI.i. Range of Modal Verbs 3.VI.ii. Epistemic must 3.VI.iii. Double Modals 3.IV. Conclusion 4. Lexis and Discourse Features 4.I. Introduction: Social changes and lexical attrition 4.II. Past research into North-eastern dialect vocabulary 4.III. Sources of the North-eastern vocabulary 4. IV. Case Studies 4.IV.i. Case Study 1: The Tyneside Linguistic Survey lexical questionnaire 4.IV.ii. Case Study 2: Lads and Lasses 4.V. Discourse markers 4.V.i. Intensifiers 4.V.ii. Sentence-final elements 4.V.iii. Other uses of like 4.V.iv. Right dislocation 4.V.v. Terms of endearment 4.VI. Conclusion Notes 5. Annotated bibliography and references 5.I. History, Geography, Demography and Culture 5.II. Phonetics and Phonology 5.III. Morphosyntax 5.IV. Lexis 5.V. References cited in this text Index.

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