A STUDY OF GLASS BEADS FROM THE HALLSTATT C–D FROM SOUTHWESTERN POLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR GLASS TECHNOLOGY AND PROVENANCE*

Tomasz Purowski · Piotr Dzierżanowski · Ewa Bulska · Barbara J. Wagner · Anna Nowak

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Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis Glass properties and applications Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts

Abstract

Eighty‐one samples taken from 68 glass beads found in southwestern Poland on sites of the Lusatian culture from the Hallstatt C and Hallstatt D subphases were analysed by EPMA. A subsample of 18 of these were additionally subjected to analysis by means of LA–ICP–MS in order to validate the results obtained by EPMA. Some glass was made using mineral soda and some using plant ash rich in sodium. Both high‐magnesium soda–lime glass (HMG) and low‐magnesium soda–lime glass (LMG) were identified. A large number of samples are characterized by low MgO content and medium K2O content (LMMK glass), combined with low concentrations of CaO and high Fe2O3 and Al2O3. All the LMMK glass contains numerous silica crystals and inclusions composed of a number of elements (most frequently Cu, Co, Sb, As, Ag, Ni and Fe). The LMMK glass was presumably made in Europe during the Hallstatt C.

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References

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