Raw Materials, Recipes and Procedures Used for Glass Making

Abstract

Ancient glass making technology and raw materials is discussed in comparison with their modern equivalents. First, the sources of information on glass technology and the use of raw materials are described. Secondly, the different types of raw materials required for glass making in ancient times and in more modern periods are discussed: these include vitrifiers, flux materials, stabilizers, fining agents, opacifiers and colouring agents. In some cases also reducing agents were employed. The use of specific recipes and mixtures of the afore–mentioned materials has given rise to a number of glass composition that are characteristic for specific historical periods; an overview of these is presented. Also the raw materials is the present day (as of the 19th Century onwards) are discussed and the composition of modern glass types. Thirdly, the glass formatting process used in the past is described, as well as the past and present glass furnaces.

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