Rethinking Resilience: A Developmental Process Perspective

Tuppett M. Yates · Byron R. Egeland · L. Alan Sroufe

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Resilience and Mental Health Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Child Abuse and Trauma

Abstract

Children's talent to endure stems from their ignorance of alternatives (Maya Angelou, 1969) INTRODUCTION A central tenet of contemporary developmental psychopathology is that our understandings of normative and abnormal development mutually inform one another (Cicchetti, 1990, 1993; Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Historically, however, research has focused on the determinants of psychopathology and maladaptation to the relative exclusion of elucidating factors that contribute to the initiation and maintenance of adaptive developmental pathways. More recently, a strong and growing literature has emerged identifying factors that enable individuals to achieve adaptive developmental outcomes despite adversity. The study of risk and resilience derived from the observation that some individuals in populations exposed to incontrovertible adversity nevertheless achieve adaptive developmental outcomes (e.g., Garmezy, 1974; Murphy & Moriarty, 1976; Rutter, 1979; Sameroff & Seifer, 1983; Werner & Smith, 1992). These individuals exemplify resilience, “the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances” (Masten, Best, & Garmezy, 1990, p. 426). Over the past 25 years, research on a variety of at-risk populations has identified factors that moderate the relation between risk and competence, namely, protective and vulnerability factors (Masten & Coatsworth, 1998). More recently, however, increasing attention has been directed toward identifying and refining the methodological and theoretical frameworks within which resilience is conceptualized and studied in order to clarify the processes that underlie adaptive development in the context of adversity (e.g., Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Sameroff, 2000).

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1969Attachment and Loss 2000The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work 1998Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development.1990Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity 1997The Effects of Poverty on Children 1998The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children.2000The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies 1994Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development

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