In a previous paper, Lichtenstein and Slovic (1971) argued that variations in response mode cause fundamental changes in the way people process information, and thus alter the resulting decisions. Evidence supporting that view came from three experiments in which S s chose their preferred bets from pairs of bets and later placed monetary values (prices) on each bet separately. In every pair of bets, one, designated the $ bet, featured a large amount to win; the other, called the P bet, featured a large probability of winning. Many S s, after choosing a P bet, would frequently place a higher price on the $ bet. The authors hypothesized that the following process leads to such reversals of preference. When pricing an attractive bet, S s use the amount to win as a natural starting point or anchor. Then they adjust downward the amount to win in order to incorporate the other aspects of the bet. This adjustment may be rather crude and insufficient, making the starting point – amount to win – the primary determiner of the response. Thus, the $ bets, with their large winning payoffs, receive higher prices than the P bets. This bias would not be expected in choice responses, where the amount to win does not dominate decisions (Slovic & Lichtenstein, 1968). The previous study (Lichtenstein & Slovic, 1971) used gambles with positive expected value (EV) exclusively. A more stringent test of the reversal effect was provided in the present study by the inclusion of unattractive (negative-EV) bets.
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