Article1995

On Selection Biases in Book-to-Market Based Tests of Asset Pricing Models

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Financial Markets and Investment Strategies Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance Financial Reporting and Valuation Research

Abstract

Many studies have documented portfolio strategies that provide returns in excess of those expected, given the level of risk of the portfolio. Variables that seem to have predictive power for equity returns include the market capitalization of the firm’s equity and the ratio of the firm’s book equity to market equity (BE/ME). Firms with low market capitalization and high book-tomarket values seem to earn high returns. With respect to the book-to-market anomaly, it has been argued that the apparent superior performance is due to a subtle selection bias in a typical data source used to implement the tests of asset pricing models, the COMPUSTAT data. We use a sample of COMPUSTAT data that is free from this bias to investigate whether the previous evidence on the book-to-market anomaly is an artifact of this selection bias. The postulated selection bias does not seem to be important for samples restricted to NYSE/AMEX firms. There is some difference when NASDAQ firms are included in the standard COMPUSTAT sample. This may be due to a truly stronger BE/ME effect or to a more severe selection bias in that sample. Our data do not allow us to disentangle these two possible explanations.

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References

1993Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds 1964CAPITAL ASSET PRICES: A THEORY OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF RISK*1992The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns 1973Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests 1976The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing 1975THE VALUATION OF RISK ASSETS AND THE SELECTION OF RISKY INVESTMENTS IN STOCK PORTFOLIOS AND CAPITAL BUDGETS**This paper is another in a series of interrelated theoretical and statistical studies of corporate financial and investment policies being made under grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, and more recently the Ford Foundation, to the Harvard Business School. The generous support for this work is most gratefully acknowledged. The author is also much indebted to his colleagues Professors Bishop, Christenson, Kahr, Raiffa, and (especially) Schlaifer, for extensive discussion and commentary on an earlier draft of this paper; but responsibility for any errors or imperfections remains strictly his own.[Professor Sharpe's paper, “Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions of Risk” (Journal of Finance, September 1964) appeared after this paper was in final form and on its way to the printers. My first section, which parallels the first half of his paper (with corresponding conclusions), sets the algebraic framework for sections II, III and VI, (which have no counterpart in his paper) and for section IV on the equilibrium prices of risk assets, concerning which our results differ significantly for reasons which will be explored elsewhere. Sharpe does not take up the capital budgeting problem developed in section V below.]1981The relationship between return and market value of common stocks 1986Economic Forces and the Stock Market

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