Disowned by the Ownership Society: How Native A mericans Lost Their Land

Abstract

Abstract Over the past five centuries,Europeans have enclosed the global commons and, in the process, incorporated whole continents of aboriginal land. Some scholars argue thatIndians inNorthAmerica were spared the ravages of compulsory enclosure, having sold their land to non‐Indians through willing‐seller transactions and benefited from federal government trust and treaty policies. Moreover, where enclosure existed, it is widely believed to have ended asIndians converted to agriculture, thereby internalizing hard work, sedentary life styles, and allotted ownership. This study disputes such historical accounts and suggests a wave of new enclosures in accordance with recentU.S.Department ofAgricultural minority lending policies. By discriminating againstNativeAmerican farmers and ranchers, the federal government has enabled the erasure of title, livelihood opportunities, and cultural identity among Indian farming and ranching communities. Evidence from theFortBertholdReservation ofNorthDakota reveals the complex complicity of the federal government inIndian land erasure and points to a changing reservation geography that, even now, makes castaways of agrarian Indians.

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