Historicizing Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh: Gender, Generation, and New Regulatory Regimes

Shelley Feldman

34 citations0/0 files storedJournal of international women's studies

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Software Engineering and Design Patterns Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics

Abstract

The contemporary Bangladesh economy is marked by sustained increases in women’s paid employment, a rise that began in the 1980s with complex and contradictory effects on the lives of women and communities. Today this increase in the numbers of employed women recasts gender relations and the gender and social contract, with wage employment leading to new sources of mobility and social, economic, and political freedoms for women, but also to contestation over rights and security, and, in some cases, to declines in women’s welfare. In this paper, I offer a window on the relationship between macro-economic changes in the Bangladesh political economy, the meso-institutional changes created by policy reform, and changes in women’s labor market relations. I highlight emergent relations of regulation as they create, organize, and control women’s social behavior and normative practice. As I will suggest, the emergent gender division of wage employment in Bangladesh unsettles the causality presumed when changes in economic and cultural organization build on an already available pool of surplus labor that can straightforwardly lead to changes in women’s behavior. Three themes animate this discussion. One theme emphasizes the contradictory effects that incorporation into export production has for women; they are simultaneously emancipatory and highly exploitative. Second, I note that neoliberal reforms articulate differently in particular places making it crucial to draw attention to how specific antecedent labor force practices, ideologies, and policies contribute to constructing a female labor force. Finally, I suggest that women are increasingly viewed as disposable and redundant even as their labor is becoming central to imaginings of family maintenance and sustainability.

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References

1990The Logic of Practice 1990In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology 1997''Bargaining'' and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household 1989Global feminization through flexible labor 2003Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women workers in export and local markets 1973Purdah: Separate Worlds and Symbolic Shelter 1984The Subordination Of Women And The Internationalization Of Factory Production 2000The gender imbalances in the export-oriented garment industry in Bangladesh

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