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Self-help housing has evolved in the past 15 years from a conceptual proposition, expounded by social scientists such as J. F. C. Turner (1967, 1976) and W. Mangin (1967), to a practical way to provide adequate shelter efficiently for the world's urban poor. International development agencies such as the World Bank and the United States Agency for International Development (AID) have invested well over a billion and a half dollars in less than 10 years to implement housing projects in which the beneficiaries, most of whom were originally squatters, exercise substantial direct control over the amount of housing services they consume (Grimes 1976; World Bank 1980). These projects have generally been of two main types: slum upgrading, in which basic urban services are provided to existing low-income communities with little or no displacement of the population; and sites and services in which land owned, purchased, or expropriated by the government is subdivided, serviced, and allocated to applicant families according to income and other criteria. The services provided include, among others, access to water, sewerage systems, health facilities, and proper road networks. Most projects also attempt to provide greater security of tenure since many beneficiaries were previously squatters. With regard to development beyond these basic services, the key assumption is that participating households are expected to make any structural improvements to their dwellings at a pace
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