Article1997

Recreation ecology: The ecological impact of outdoor recreation and ecotourism

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Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies Ecology and biodiversity studies

Abstract

Introduction. Mechanical forces exerted by various recreation activities and the concept of protection. Major changes in vegetation as a result of wear. Changes in communities and plant species as a result of wear. Changes in communities and plant species as a result of wear. Plant populations and mechanical wear. Mechanical wear and plant form and function. The physiological reactions of plants to damage. Plant strategies (resistance, survival and recovery) and regeneration of communities. Introduction to soils. Litter and organic material. Soil bulk density, porosity and penetrability. Soil water, air temperature and nutrients. The living soil. Plant roots, soils and growth. Soil erosion. Soil deposition and recovery. A classification of disturbance to animals. Invertebrates. Reptiles. Birds. Bears. Deer. Sheep, goats, and chamois, with a note on gazelles. Small mammals. Large mammals. The impacts of water-based recreation. Fish. Aquatic mammals. Conclusion.

Citations in this library

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Cited by

2011Tourism and Environment 2013Recent advances in recreation ecology and the implications of different relationships between recreation use and ecological impacts 2009Sustaining Visitor Use in Protected Areas: Future Opportunities in Recreation Ecology Research Based on the USA Experience 2009Evaluating the net effects of ecotourism on the environment: a framework, first assessment and future research 2011Combining ecological and recreational aspects in national park management: A choice experiment application 2019Nature Conservation and Nature-Based Tourism: A Paradox?2008Comparing the impacts of hiking, skiing and horse riding on trail and vegetation in different types of forest 2017Current knowledge and future research directions for the monitoring and management of visitors in recreational and protected areas

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