MINERAL FILLERS IN PAPER

Abstract

Summary The paper is divided into two parts. In Part 1, after a brief historical introduction the advantages and disadvantages of using mineral fillers in the manufacture of paper are summarised. Details of the origin, methods of production and basic physical properties of kaolin, natural calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, talc and titanium dioxide follow. These are supplemented by more limited information on dolomite, calcium sulphate, calcined clay, satin white, barium sulphate and ultrafine fillers such as hydrated alumina, diatomaceous earth and precipitated sodium aluminium silicate. Factors determining paper permanence are then discussed, and the influence of fillers on permanence considered. Part 2 is concerned with the identification of fillers in paper. It deals with the separation of filler from fibre and methods of elemental analyses. These include wet chemical techniques, details of which are supplied in an appendix, x-ray fluorescence, classical optical spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The relations between elemental composition and mineralogy are indicated. The techniques of optical microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are also included.

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