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Around the turn of the sixteenth century English authors develop a self-consciously modern English form of essay as a genre for gentlemen. Essayists treat themes of concern to members of or aspirers to a social elite, such as books versus personal experience as sources of knowledge; retirement versus public service; and success's relation to morality. Through intertextual engagements with previous texts, the individual essayist's distinctiveness emerges. While Michel de Montaigne's self-revelatory Essais (1580–1588), in French and in John Florio's 1603 translation, served as one model for English essayists, Francis Bacon's impersonal advice in his Essays (1597, 1612, 1625) also proved influential. William Cornwallis's Essays (1600–1601) acknowledge a debt to Montaigne, while Robert Johnson's 1601 Essays recall Bacon. Owen Felltham's Resolves (1623, 1628, 1661) blend gentlemanly essay with religious meditation, while Henry Peacham (1628) and Ben Jonson (in his posthumous 1641 Timber) produce sui generis works related to essay.
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