Internet addiction: consensus, controversies, and the way ahead.

Kaustav Chakraborty · Debasish Basu · K G Vijaya Kumar

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Impact of Technology on Adolescents Gambling Behavior and Treatments Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To review the fast-growing literature on Internet addiction. METHODS: Descriptive review, using electronic databases as well as hand-search of relevant publications or cross-references from 1970 to 2010. RESULTS: There are no universally accepted definitions for the captioned condition, but investigators seem to agree that it involves problematic computer usage that is time-consuming and causes distress or impairs functioning in important life domains. Several aetiological models have been proposed, from the diverse perspectives of learning theory, cognitive behavioural theory, social learning, reward deficiency, culture, genetics and neurobiology. Controversies abound, ranging from conceptual (whether behavioural addictions are true addictions), technical (which component of Internet use is a person 'addicted' to), and practical (how should Internet addiction be diagnosed, if it exists at all). However, using various instruments and populations, Internet addiction has been suggested as having a prevalence of 0.3 to 38%, with a young male preponderance. Several screening, diagnostic, and severity assessment instruments are now available, but few have been subjected to rigorous psychometric testing. Psychiatric co-morbidity is common. Treatment modalities lack a firm evidence base, but antidepressants, mood stabilisers, and cognitive behavioural therapy and other psychotherapies have been used. CONCLUSIONS: Recently, the American Psychiatric Association recommended including Internet addiction in its forthcoming 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but only as an appendix and not in the main body of the addictive disorders. This appears to be a fairly balanced and cautious approach, which can hopefully give rise to more meaningful research in this important but controversial area.

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References

1998Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder 1998Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?1998Caught in the Net: How to Recognize the Signs of Internet Addiction--and a Winning Strategy for Recovery 2008Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction 2000Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students 2002Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument 1998The Relationship Between Depression and Internet Addiction 2003Preference for Online Social Interaction

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2015Internet addiction and its determinants among medical students 2018Cross-cultural study of Problematic Internet Use in nine European countries 2013Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents 2015Differences between specific and generalized problematic Internet uses according to gender, age, time spent online and psychopathological symptoms 2018Association of Internet addiction and alexithymia – A scoping review

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