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Position.The district described in tins folio is bounded by the meridians of 78° 45' and 74° 15' west longitude from Greenwich and the parallels of 40° 30' and 41° north latitude.It covers onequarter of a square degree, equivalent, in this latitude, to 905.27 square miles.The map is divided into four atlas sheets, called the Paterson, Harlem, Brooklyn, and Staten Island sheets, each measuring fifteen minutes of latitude and fifteen minutes of longitude.The district lies in two States, New Jersey and New York, comprising parts of the counties of Passaic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson, and Union in New Jersey, and West-!Chester, New York, Kings, Queens, and Richmond in New York.Within it lie many towns and boroughs, as well as the cities of Paterson, Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken, Yonkers, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle, and all of New York City except a small portion on Long Island east of Little Neck Bay and Far Rockaway.According to the census of 1900, 4,560,800 persons reside within its limits.Drainage.Drainage is a word here used to designate all streams, ponds, tidal ways, and bays of the district.The central axis, about which the features of New York and vicinity are grouped, is the channel of the Hudson River, which, extending southward beyond the city, expands into the Upper Bay, is restricted at the Narrows, again widens out in the Lower Bay, and passes into the Atlantic between the points of Rockaway Beach and Sandy Hook.Eastward and northeastward from the main channel the East River extends to Long Island Sound, and connects again with the Hudson River by the tidal ways of Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, thus completing the water circuit about the Borough of Manhattan of New York City.Northeast of the Borough of Manhattan the peninsula between Long Island Sound and the Hudson is drained by the parallel channels of Tibbit Brook, Bronx River and its tributary Sprain Brook, Hutchinson Brook, and Sheldrake River.The western end of Long Island is without running streams of notable size, the surface waters being gathered largely in small ponds, whose irregular disposition is in contrast to the parallelism of the channels northeast of the Harlem.The shores of Long Island, Manhattan Island, and the mainland are deeply indented by bays and estuaries.Some of the latter are locally called creeks or rivers, such as Newtown, Flushing, Harlem, Westchester, East Chester, Pelham, and Little Neck.West of the Hudson channel, Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull isolate Staten Island from the mainland of New Jerseypand are outlets of Newark Bay, which is the estuary of the Hackensack and Passaic rivers.The Hackensack drains a small valley closely parallel to the Hudson, in Bergen County, N. J., and Rockland County, N. Y.The Passaic watershed is much more extensive, comprising the streams of a wide area in northern New Jersey, west to the divide of the Highlands, beyond which the waters flow to the Delaware.The Morris Canal, connecting Jersey City and Phillipsburg, on the Delaware, follows the Passaic Valley to the border of this district.The depth of water in these waterways affects their relation to commerce and determines in large degree the value of adjacent lands.The Lower Bay is shallow between Sandy Hook and Coney Island, where the water over-Romer Shoal, East Bank, and other banks is from 1-J-to 3 fathoms ( dieep.These shoals constitute the bar, which is crossed by the Fourteen-foot, Ambrose, Swash, Gedney, and Main channels.Ambrose and Swash channels have a least depth of 3-J-fathoms, while Gedney and Main channels are nowhere less than 5 fathoms deep.Within the bar the Lower Bay i is from 4 to 12 fathoms deep well out from shore, but toward the New Jersey and Staten Island j shores the water shoals to 3 fathoms or less over \ extensive areas.In the Narrows the depth is as j much as 20 fathoms, and the channel of the Hudson carries from 5 to 12 fathoms far up the river.This channel, though broad, is well defined Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek the water is but 2 to 3^ fathoms deep.Newark Bay is an extensive water body, but it is not available for sea-going commerce, as the depth is but 2 fathoms or less, except in a little channel near the outlet connecting with the Kill van Kull.This channel and the Kull carry 5 fathoms, while the Arthur Kill is generally shallow.Relief.Relief is the term used to designate the unevenness of the surface of the land A FIG. 1. Map showing drainage lines in the vicinity of New York City and channels in the bays.Depth of water shown by contour lines to depth of 10 fathoms.
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