Sedimentary carbonate-hosted giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin

Abstract

cal evolution of the ore deposit, (5) mineral assemblages and transport of ore by hydrothermal fluids, (6) age or ages of episodes of mineralization, (7) lithology of reservoir rocks favorable for hosting ores, and (8) preservation of ores. Although of different ore type than Bayan Obo, the Andean giant and super giant porphyry Cu-Mo ore deposits that occur from Peru to Chile can be compared with Bayan Obo in order to study the importance of tectonic setting and duration of mineralization on the formation of giant deposits. Both Bayan Obo and the Andean porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are related to subduction of oceanic plates, and both were formed over long periods of time. In Bayan Obo, REE mineralization occurred over a period of more than 150 million years (555 Ma to 398 Ma). Mineralization of many different porphyry Cu-Mo ore deposits occurred over a period of about 95 million years (100 to 5 Ma) and may have also generated acid hydrothermal solutions that scavenged and concentrated the sources of ore for the Bayan Obo deposit. Part m examines Bayan Obo as a cornerstone example of giant ore deposits of hydrothermal origin, with respect to eight parameters of importance in the

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