Avoidance Motivation and Choking under Pressure in Soccer Penalty Shootouts

Geir Jordet · Esther E. Hartman

127 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Sport Psychology and Performance Sports Analytics and Performance Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between shot valence, avoidance behavior, and performance in soccer penalty shootouts. Video analyses were conducted with all penalty shootouts ever held in the World Cup, the European Championships, and the UEFA Champions League (n = 36 shootouts, 359 kicks). Shot valence was assessed from the potential consequences of a shot outcome as follows: Shots where a goal instantly leads to victory were classified as positive valence shots and shots where a miss instantly leads to loss as negative valence shots. Avoidance behavior was defined as looking away from the goalkeeper or preparing the shot quickly (thus speeding up the wait). The results showed that avoidance behavior occurred more with negative valence shots than with positive shots and that players with negative valence shots performed worse than those with positive shots. Thus, avoidance motivation may help explain why professional athletes occasionally choke under pressure.

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References

1999Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals 1984Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance.2001Approach and Avoidance Motivation 2004Haste does not always make waste: Expertise, direction of attention, and speed versus accuracy in performing sensorimotor skills 2006Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety.2007Why Do Athletes Choke Under Pressure?2007Understanding the Dynamics of Motivation in Sport and Physical Activity: An Achievement Goal Interpretation 2006Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: The roles of stress,skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes

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2012Educational Implications of Expertise Reversal Effects in Learning and Performance of Complex Cognitive and Sensorimotor Skills 2011Choking under pressure: The role of fear of negative evaluation 2010A Comparison of Different Pre-Performance Routines as Possible Choking Interventions 2010Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: Celebration of individual success is associated with ultimate team success

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