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?his chapter focuses on the UNIP-ANC competition of the early 1960s. A close examination of UNIP literals ture during these heady years—the subject of the first part of this chapter—reveals the fundamentally authoritarian character of the brand of nationalism espoused by the party’s leaders and activists. With party and nation seen as coterminous, the assertion of minority views and alternative political projects was viewed with profound suspicion.1 The tendency to identify opposition to UNIP as illegitimate and “treasonable” went hand-in-hand with the denial of the right to full political citizenship in the new institutional dispensation to Nkumbula and what was left of his ANC. In the subsequent sections of the chapter, after a rapid analysis of the ANC’s fragile administrative structures and problematic ideological repositioning followingthe ZANC/UNIP split, I discuss the conspiratorial strategies adopted by Nkumbula in response to UNIP’s exclusionary nation-building paradigm. While the Congress’ alliance with Katanga made a significant contribution to the rightward shift of the party, Nkumbula’s tolerance of “tribal” forms of mobilization and ambiguity toward the use of political violence led to the consolidation of already entrenched regionalist feelings among the Bantu Botatwe of the Central and Southern Provinces.
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