Business Improvement Districts

Abstract

tax themselves to fund an improvement association.' Cities usually collect the mandatory taxes and city officials are always represented on the associations, as are area residents.Associations make public area improvements, such as pedestrian walkways, and provide other services, such as extra sanitation.Since the 1980s, the number of BIDs has increased dramatically, and their prevalence has provoked controversy. 4Some critics, most prominently Michael Sandel, complain that BIDs exacerbate interlocal inequality: "As municipal services decline in urban areas, residents and businesses in upscale districts manage to insulate themselves from the effects by assessing themselves surtaxes to provide private garbage collection, street cleaning, and police

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