The origins and development of predator avoidance have been of long-standing interest to both primatologists and comparative psychologists. Snake avoidance has been of special interest in part because such a wide range of free-ranging monkeys have been observed to exhibit fearful reactions to the appearance of snakes (e .g ., Hall & DeVore, 1965, for chacma baboons {.Papio ursinus]; Struhsaker, 1967, and Seyfarth, Cheney, & Marler, 1980a, 1980b, for vervet monkeys \Cercopithecus aethiopsY, J . Robinson, personal communication, February 1985, for the dusky titi [Callicebus moloch] and capuchins [Cebus])- Behavioral manifesta tions of this fear of snakes include motor acts such as flight, facial expressions indicative of fear, visual monitoring of the snake, and alarm or distress calls (e .g ., Hall & DeVore, 1965; Seyfarth et al., 1980a, 1980b; Struhsaker, 1967).
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