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Note on TransliterationIn this book, (Modern Standard) Arabic terms and expressions are presented and transliterated into English.For reasons of readability and pragmatism, I have adopted a simplified version of the transliteration system of the Arabic alphabet.The transliteration used in this book indicates the Arabic letters 'ayn (') and hamza ('); however, the hamza is used only in the middle or at the end of a word.It omits diacritical marks and does not distinguish between the extended and the short vowels.Moreover, no distinction is made between the letters س ذ, د, ت, and their emphatic variants ظ, ض, ط, .ص Finally, no distinction is made between the letters ح and .هThe ّ is written by means of doubling the respective consonant.I use conventional English spelling for most personal, place, and proper names as well as frequently translated Arabic words such as Koran.
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