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To address apparent literature gaps, this article examines third-party logistics usage among a group of manufacturers and non-manufacturers ranging in size from $30 million to over $40 billion in annual revenues. In addition to descriptive information about these companies, this article investigates a series of propositions concerning third-party logistics usage. Although these propositions might appear to be rather fundamental, they are derived from the existing third-party literature, which, as pointed out, tends to be generalizable only to very large manufacturing firms. As a result, this article adds value by examining the robustness of the propositions across a more diverse group of third-party users than has previously been investigated.
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