Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009 Executive Report.

Abstract

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is \nthe world’s leading research consortium dedicated \nto understanding the relationship between \nentrepreneurship and national economic development. \nFor the past ten years GEM reports have been the \nonly source of comparable data across a large variety \nof countries on attitudes toward entrepreneurship, \nstart-up and established business activities, and \naspirations of entrepreneurs for their businesses. \nBased on more than 180,000 interviews conducted \nbetween May and October in 54 countries, 2009 GEM \ndata show that the global economic downturn reduced \nthe number of people who thought there were good \nopportunities to start a business in many parts of the \nworld. \nNot surprisingly, entrepreneurial activity declined in \nmost GEM countries in 2009; however, about a third \nof the studied countries showed increased activity. A \nsignificant minority of would-be entrepreneurs in the \nwealthier countries saw the recession as increasing \nopportunities for their businesses. \nThe proportion of necessity-driven entrepreneurs— \npeople starting businesses because they felt they had \nno other choice—increased and attitudes towards \nentrepreneurship as a career choice improved in half \nof the wealthier countries in GEM. \nThis 11th report in the GEM series focuses on the \nimpact of the recession on entrepreneurship and the \nextent to which entrepreneurship can help reverse \na downward economic trend. Also included are: \n1) a special report on global perspectives of social \nentrepreneurship; 2) an analysis of the impact of the \nrecession on funding to support new businesses; and 3) \nupdates on entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions, \nentrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial \naspirations. \nThe countries in this report are grouped into three \nstages of economic development as defined by the \nWorld Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness \nReport: factor-driven, efficiency-driven and \ninnovation-driven. This classification in phases of \neconomic development is based on the level of GDP per \ncapita and the extent to which countries are factordriven \nin terms of the shares of exports of primary \ngoods in total exports. Factor-driven economies are \nprimarily extractive in nature, while efficiency-driven \neconomies exhibit scale-intensity as a major driver \nof development. At the innovation-driven stage of \ndevelopment, economies are characterized by their \nproduction of new and unique goods and services that \nare created via sophisticated, and often pioneering, \nmethods. As countries develop economically, they tend \nto shift from one phase to the next.

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