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Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks distinguish between contrasting visions from various literatures, which they label Type I and Type II multi‐level governance. Type I multi‐level governance echoes federalist thought, conceiving the dispersion of authority as being limited to a ‘limited number of non‐overlapping jurisdictional boundaries at a limited number of levels’. In this view, authority is relatively stable and analysis is focused on individual governments rather than specific policies. Type II multi‐level governance provides a vision of governance that is ‘a complex, fluid, patchwork of innumerable, overlapping jurisdictions’. Here, jurisdictions are often overlapping and tend to be flexible as demands for governance change.
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