A History of Modern Psychology in Context

Abstract

Preface and Acknowledgments . Introduction . Why History? Why History of Psychology? Reflexivity . Social Constructionism . Indigenization . Other Aspects of Our Story . Organizational Overview . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 1 ORIGINS OF A SCIENCE OF MIND . Introduction . Philosophy: Descartes and Locke as Exemplars . Rene Descartes (1596-1650) . John Locke (1632-1704) . The Legacy of Descartes and Locke for Psychology . Physiology and Medicine: The Search for Material Explanations of Human Nature . Medicine and Naturalistic Explanation . Research in the Physiology of the Nervous System . The Mechanization of the Brain . Sidebar 1.1 Focus on Christine Ladd-Franklin . Darwin, Natural Selection, and the Laws of Nature . Journey to the Galapagos . Continuity: Humans and Natural Law . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 2 EVERYDAY LIFE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICES . Introduction . New Technologies . Technologies of Devotion and Piety . Technologies of Self-Perception and Self-Expression . Psychological Consequences of Commercial Society . Changes in Family Life . Reading the Signs of the Body in the Era of Industrial Capitalism . The First Industrial Revolution . Reading the Signs of the Body . Physiognomy . Phrenology . Sidebar 2.1 Focus on the Fowler Brothers . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 3 SUBJECT MATTER, METHODS, AND THE MAKING OF A NEW SCIENCE . Introduction . Can Psychology Be a Science? Kant's Challenge . Psychophysics and the Possibility of a New Science . The German Intellectual Tradition . Wilhelm Wundt and the New Psychology . Psychology in Britain and France . The New Psychology in America . William James and a Science of Psychology . The Principles of Psychology . The Demise of Introspection in American Psychology . Thorndike, the Animal Mind, and Animal Behavior . Pavlov, Animal Learning, and the Environment . Perry and Changing Beliefs About the Nature of Consciousness . Watson and the Rise of Behaviorism . Behaviorism: Influential but Contested . Sidebar 3.1 Focus on Mary Whiton Calkins . Behaviorism and American Life . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 4 FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTER: CREATING AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY . Introduction . American Mental and Moral Philosophy . Forging a Psychological Sensibility: From Religion to Psychical Research . Religion and Revival . Mesmerism and Religion . Spiritualism . New Thought . Psychical Phenomena . Boundary Work and the New Psychology: Establishing the Center and Marking the Periphery . American Psychologists: Organization and Application . Organizing for Science . Making Psychology Useful . Engaging the Public . Education: The Pay Vein That Supports the Mine . Psychologists in Industry . Sidebar 4.1 Focus on Lillian Moller Gilbreth . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 5 THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOLOGY AT THE INTERFACE WITH MEDICINE. Introduction . Enlightenment and Madness . From Mesmerism to Hypnosis . Charcot: The Napoleon of the Neuroses . Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) . Sidebar 5.1 Focus on Bertha Pappenheim . Freud's Impact on Psychology as a Mental Health Profession . Therapeutic Nihilism . Psychologists, Psychoanalysis, and Mental Health in America . Boundaries Between Psychology and Medicine . Mental Testing . Psychologists and the Question of Boundaries with Psychoanalysis . Psychoanalysis and Psychosomatic Medicine Psychoanalysis Outside Europe and North America . Psychologists, Psychoanalysis, and Mental Health in India . Psychoanalysis in Argentina . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 6 PSYCHOLOGISTS AS TESTERS: APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY, ORDERING SOCIETY . Introduction . The Roots of Mental Testing in America . Mental Tests Go to the Fair. Lightner Witmer and the Prehistory of Clinical Psychology . Sorting the Sexes . Sidebar 6.1 Focus on Leta Stetter Hollingworth . The Demise of Mental Tests and the Rise of the IQ . Lewis Terman and the Americanization of Intelligence Testing . Army Intelligence: World War I Puts Psychology on the Map . World War I and Its Impact on American Psychology Intelligence Testing Around the World: Center or Periphery? The French Twist . The British Context . Dutch Society . Germany and Psychotechnics . What Did the Tests Test? Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 7 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS . Introduction . Who Owns Psychology? Organization and Cooperation . Organization . Cooperative Research and Philanthropy . The Kingdom of Behavior: Mainstream Psychology, 1920-1940 . Neobehaviorism . Developing Developmental Psychology . Sidebar 7.1 Focus on Mary Cover Jones . Race, Ethnicity, Intelligence, and Resistance . Psychologists and Scientific Racism . Challenges to Psychometric Racism . Sexuality Research . Personality Psychology . Assessing Personality . Henry Murray, the Harvard Psychological Clinic, and the TAT . Personality, Personnel, and the Management of the Worker . The Disciplinary Emergence of Social Psychology in America . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 8 PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS. Introduction . Psychology, Natural Science, and Philosophy in Germany and Austria . Gestalt Psychology in Germany . Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) . The Dorpat School of Religious Psychology . German Psychology After 1933 . Psychology in Vienna . Sidebar 8.1 Focus on Marie Jahoda . Psychology, Natural Science, and Philosophy Across Continental Europe . Developments in France . Developments in the Netherlands . Psychology in Russia and the Early Years of the Soviet Union . Psychotechnics . Psychology in Britain . Psychology at Cambridge . War and Psychology in Britain . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 9 THE GOLDEN AGE OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOG Y . Introduction . Preparing for War . The National Council of Women Psychologists . War Service . Psychiatric Casualties and the Consolidation of Clinical Psychology . Golden Age of Psychology . Postwar Initiatives for Training Mental Health Professionals . Clinical Psychology and the VA . National Institute of Mental Health . Challenges to the New Clinical Psychology . Psychology versus Psychiatry . Antipsychiatry and the Treatment of Mental Disorders . Diversifying Psychological Research in the Golden Age . VA Clinical Research . The NIMH and the Expansion of Research . B. F. Skinner, Culture, and Controversy . The Third Force: Humanistic Psychology Challenges the Status Quo . Complicating Social Psychology . Psychologists, Racial Identity, and Civil Rights . Sidebar 9.1 Focus on Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark . Interracial Housing . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 10 INTERNATIONALIZATION AND INDIGENIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AFTERWORLD WAR II . Introduction . Internationalization and Indigenization . Back Story: Western Psychology in Non-Western Settings . China . Japan . India . Africa . Indigenous Psychologies . Indigenization in Context . Liberation and Nonalignment in Postcolonial Nations . Examples of Indigenous Psychologies . Refashioning Psychology for a Cultural Match in India . Sidebar 10.1 Focus on Jai B. P. Sinha . Fashioning an Indigenous Psychology in the Philippines . Toward a Liberation Psychology in Latin America . Toward a Psychology of Liberation . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 11 FEMINISM AND AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE AND POLITICS OF GENDER . Introduction . Bringing Feminism to Psychology . Feminist Critiques of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, and Alternatives . Sex Differences Revisited . From Sex to Gender . A Theory of Their Own: The Relational Approach . Owning the Past: Origins of Women's History in Psychology . Sidebar 11.1 Focus on Ruth Howard . Creating an Inclusive Feminist Psychology . Feminist Psychologies in International Context . Feminist and Postcolonial Critiques of Science and Psychology in the 1980s . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 12 INCLUSIVENESS, IDENTITY, AND CONFLICT IN LATE 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY . Introduction . Toward an Inclusive Psychology . Institutional Changes . Training Psychologists to Serve Ethnic Minority Populations . Sidebar 12.1 Focus on Joseph L. White . Psychologists and the Community . A Question of Professional Identity . Psychologists, Government, and National Security . Government and the Direction of Psychological Science . Summary . Bibliographic Essay . CHAPTER 13 BRAIN, BEHAVIOR, AND COGNITION SINCE 1945 . Introduction . The Return of the Mind . Sidebar 13.1 Focus on Enriched Environments . Neuropsychology of Cognition and Memory . How Does Memory Work? Minds and Machines . Computations and Computers . Babbage's Engines . Turing's Game . Toward the Machine-as-Brain Metaphor . Information Theory and Cybernetics . Language Returns . Summary . Concluding Thoughts . Bibliographic Essay . References . Glossary . Index .

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