Characteristics of Retainees and Early Precursors of Retention in Grade: Who Is Held Back?.

Abstract

Predictors of first- through fourth-grade retention were examined in a large sample of inner-city public school children. Sociodemographic variables, test scores, and teacher and parent judgments of childrens' ability and adjustment to school, each measured before or early in the first grade, were used to differentiate retained from promoted children, and children retained in first grade from those retained later

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