Plant and Process Safety, 6. Risk Analysis

Abstract

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Process and Plant Safety Analysis 1.1. Qualitative Methods 1.1.1. What If? Analysis 1.1.2. Checklists 1.1.3. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 1.1.4. Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Studies 1.2. Qualitative Methods Appropriate for Quantification 1.2.1. Event Tree Analysis 1.2.2. Fault Tree Analysis 1.3. Quantitative Analysis 1.3.1. Failure Rates 1.3.2. Constant Failure Probabilities 1.4. Methods for Increasing Reliability 1.4.1. Maintenance Models 1.4.2. Recurrent Functional Tests 1.5. Reliability Data 1.6. Human Error 1.7. Semiquantitative Methods 1.7.1. LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) 1.7.2. SQUAFTA (Semiquantitative Fault Tree Analysis) 1.8. Numerical Evaluation of a Fault Tree Including Reliability Data Comparisons 2. Consequence Analysis 2.1. Pool Formation and Vaporization from Pools 2.2. Vapor Cloud Dispersion 2.2.1. Formulation of the Problem 2.2.2. German Practice 2.3. Pool Fires and Spill Fires 2.3.1. Zones and Measurable Quantities 2.3.2. Physical Characteristics 2.3.3. Spill Fires and Fuel Layer Thickness Effects 2.3.4. Soot Production 2.3.5. Heat Transfer 2.3.6. Large Pool Fires 2.3.7. Modeling of Pool Fires 2.3.8. Conclusions and Outlook 2.4. Flash Fires, Fireballs, and Jet Fires 2.4.1. Flash Fires 2.4.2. Fireballs 2.4.3. Jet Fires 2.4.4. Thermal Radiation Impacts at a Distance from the Source 2.5. Explosions 2.5.1. TNT Equivalency Method 2.5.2. Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) 2.5.3. Boiling‐Liquid Expanding‐Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) 2.5.4. Dust Explosions 2.6. Vessel Fragmentation and Missile Flight 2.7. Threshold Values, Probits, Damage 3. Appendix A

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