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Introduction New techniques are sorely needed to aid in the development and maintenance of large application systems. The problem with traditional approaches to software engineering is well in evidence in the field of o#ce information systems: it is costly and di#cult to extend existing applications, and to get unrelated applications to "talk" to each other. The objectoriented approach is already being tentatively applied in the modeling of "o#ce objects" and in the presentation of these entities to users as such in "desktop" interfaces to o#ce software. In order to fully exploit the approach to achieve integrated o#ce systems, we need to use object-oriented programming languages, object-oriented run-time support, and object-oriented software engineering environments. We can view the fundamental idea behind the object-oriented approach as that of encapsulation: object-oriented languages and systems exploit encapsulation in various ways in an attempt to enhance productivity through, f
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