I K Mau Mau: How K naka Maoli Tried to Sustain National Identity Within the United States Political System

Abstract

After nearly a century of cultural, economic, and political intrusion and domination, between 1893 and 1900 the United States took political control over Hawai'i in three complex steps. First, a military intervention on January 16,1893 facilitated a takeover the next day by an American-identified oligarchy. Second, the United States military, using Hawai'i as a coaling and staging site for their war to take the Philippines, occupied Hawai'i under the nominal but illegal (under American and international law) annexation of 1898. Third, in 1900, Congress enacted the Organic Act, which set up a colonial government in which the citizens of Hawai'i were given the right to vote in local elections and to elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives, but, as in other colonies of the United States (e.g., Puerto Rico), were not allowed to vote for their governor, or for the President of the United States. Appointments to the judiciary were also made by Washington, D.C. or by the appointed governor. Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians), along with many other citizens, fiercely resisted every action of the United States in the taking of their country. In 1893, immediately following the military intervention and coup d'etat that deposed Queen Lili'uokalani, thousands of Kanaka Maoli and their supporters formed the Hui Aloha 'Aina. The purpose of the organization was to preserve and maintain, by all legal and peaceful means and measures, the independent

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