From flint to stainless steel: observations on surgical instrument composition.

John Kirkup

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Medical History and Innovations History of Science and Medicine History of Medical Practice

Abstract

Man's failure to extract deeply embedded thorns and arrowheads, with bare hands and teeth, stimulated 'instrument substitutes' mimicking these appendages. Evidence from primitive communities suggest animal, plant and mineral items were employed, both before and after metal became the standard material of today's armamentarium. Changing surgical instrument composition has mirrored concurrent technology and manufacturing methods both of which are reviewed. Particular significance is accorded flint, bronze, crucible steel, thermal sterilisation, nickel-plate, stainless steel and disposable plastics. The paper is based on an exhibition From Flint to Stainless Steel on display at the College.

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2020Biomaterials and biocompatibility: An historical overview 2011The instruments of the bonesetter

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