Corporal Punishment and Child Behavioural and Cognitive Outcomes through 5 Years of Age: Evidence from a Contemporary Urban Birth Cohort Study

Michael J. MacKenzie · Eric Nicklas · Jane Waldfogel · Jeanne Brooks-gunn B

102 citations0/0 files storedInfant and Child Development

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Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Family Dynamics and Relationships Child Abuse and Trauma

Abstract

This study examined the prevalence and determinants of spanking of children at 3 years-of-age, and the associations between spanking and externalizing behavior and receptive verbal ability at age 5. Overall, we find maternal spanking rates of 55.2% and paternal rates of 43.2% at age 3. Mothers facing greater stress and those who spanked earlier are more likely to spank at age 3, whereas those who report a supportive partner during pregnancy and those who were not U.S. born were less likely to spank. Mothers and fathers in communities where spanking was more normative were more likely to spank. Fathers were less likely to spank daughters at age 3. Frequent maternal spanking at age 3 was associated with externalizing behavior and receptive vocabulary at age 5, controlling for an array of ecological risks, earlier behavior, and verbal capacity. Taking advantage of the large and diverse sample we explored potential interactions and found no evidence that race, parental warmth, normativeness, or child gender moderated the association between spanking and externalizing or receptive vocabulary. These findings add to the literature on negative consequences associated with a widely endorsed parenting practice, and highlight the need for research that explores alternative effective discipline practices and addresses parent questions of what else they could, or even should, be doing.

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References

1991Manual for The Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile 2004The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)1998The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview short‐form (CIDI‐SF)2002Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review.2000Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles 2001Fragile Families: sample and design 1998Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions.2000Handbook of infant mental health

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