Retrospectives: Animal Spirits

Roger G. Koppl

65 citations0/0 files storedThe Journal of Economic Perspectives

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Economic Theory and Policy Economic Theory and Institutions Economic theories and models

Abstract

John Maynard Keynes argued that when the conditions for rational action are not present, people are driven by “animal spirits.” This article briefly considers Keynes' argument, and the history of the term.

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References

2003The Theory of Economic Development 1961Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms 1990Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets 1936The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, by John Maynard Keynes 1973A Treatise on Probability 2024Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression 1992Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved and Unsolved 1987Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved and Unsolved

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1993Hayekian expectations: Theory and empirical applications 1999On Keynes' Animal Spirits 2019Consumer Expectations 2021From Crisis to Confidence: Macroeconomics after the Crash 1995Keynes and the Collapse of the British Cotton Industry in the 1920s: A Microeconomic Case against Laissez-Faire 2010Does Akerlof and Shiller's Animal Spirits provide a helpful new approach for macroeconomics?

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