Article1985

The nature of negative thoughts in depression.

Paula R. Pietromonaco · Hazel Rose Markus

127 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes Psychological Treatments and Assessments Identity, Memory, and Therapy

Abstract

We investigated the nature and content of the negative thoughts that accompany depression by examining thoughts about oneself and others during three cognitive tasks: imaging, recall, and inference. Mildly depressed and nondepressed subjects were asked to image, recall, and make inferences about a variety of events while thinking about themselves or another person. The events were sad or happy and either social or nonsocial in nature. The results suggest that the negativity in thought that accompanies depression is restricted to thoughts about oneself and does not extend to thoughts about others. The relation between negative thoughts and the depressive's view of self is discussed. It is proposed that depressives have a negative self-schema that makes the affective nature of their behavior particularly salient.

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References

1962Statistical principles in experimental design.1978Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.1975Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death 1977Self-schemata and processing information about the self.1976Toward an Interactional Description of Depression 1978Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop?1979Depressive attributional style.1980Social competence and depression: The role of illusory self-perceptions.

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1987Control theory interpretation of psychological mechanisms of depression: Comparison and integration of several theories.1992Coping ability, negative self-evaluation, and overgeneralization: Experiment and theory.1987Decision style in depression: The contribution of perceived risks versus benefits.1994"Thinking positive" as a stress buffer: The role of positive automatic cognitions in depression and happiness.1995Depressive future-thinking: The role of valence and specificity

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