Examination of pigments on Thai manuscripts: the first identification of copper citrate

Katherine Eremin · Jens Stenger · Jo‐Fan Huang · Alán Aspuru‐Guzik · Theodore A. Betley · Leslie Vogt-Maranto +3 more

30 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Raman Spectroscopy

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Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis Mineralogy and Gemology Studies Pigment Synthesis and Properties

Abstract

Abstract Samples from Thai manuscripts dated to the 18th to 20th century were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the pigments used. This suggested a change in palette from the 18th to 20th century, with use of imported pigments in the later manuscripts. In the 18th century, the main green used was an organic copper salt, which was replaced by emerald green and mixtures of Prussian blue with gamboge, chrome yellow and zinc yellow (zinc potassium chromate). Chrome yellow was used in addition to gamboge in one later 19th century manuscript. Similarly, indigo in the 18th century manuscripts was replaced by Prussian blue and then synthetic ultramarine in the 19th century manuscripts. Lead white was the main white pigment in all but one manuscript, which contained huntite, a magnesium calcium carbonate. Huntite also occurred in mixtures with other pigments in two other manuscripts. In all the works studied, red lead, vermilion and red earth were used for red, orange and pink shades and red earth in brown areas. The organic copper salt used in the 18th century gave good FTIR spectra but could not initially be matched with any published compound. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) suggested this was a copper citrate phase, and examination of the literature showed that the FTIR spectra matched those published for a hydrated copper citrate. Raman spectra were obtained from this organic copper salt, which showed close agreement with those obtained from synthetic copper citrate. Copper citrate has not been identified previously as an artist's material, although its use has been postulated on the basis of historical texts. Minor copper formate and/or copper chloride were also identified by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in some green samples containing copper citrate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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References

2001Library of FT-Raman spectra of pigments, minerals, pigment media and varnishes, and supplement to existing library of Raman spectra of pigments with visible excitation 1995Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Volume 2 2002Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation 1999Pigment identification studiesin situ of Javanese, Thai, Korean, Chinese and Uighur manuscripts by Raman microscopy 2005Scientific research on the pictorial arts of Asia : proceedings of the second Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art

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